A 14-year-old girl presents to the nurse practitioner with complaints of papules, pustules, and nodules on her face. What is the pathogenesis of acne vulgaris?

The disease can be triggered by psychological factors such as stress, and by exposure to certain environmental substances or allergens.

It is caused by the solar irradiation of UVA/UVB rays.

Comedones, papules, pustules, nodules, and/or cysts form as a result of obstruction and inflammation of pilosebaceous units.

Sustained inflammation leads to uncontrolled keratinocyte proliferation and dysfunctional differentiation.