A nurse is caring for a client who sustained significant crush injuries and is being treated for acute renal injury. What is the pathophysiology behind the development of this renal injury?

High levels of myoglobin obstructed the tubules and caused intra-renal damage

Large amounts of IV fluids overloaded the kidneys and caused pre-renal damage

Pain medications for the injuries were nephrotoxic and caused pre-renal damage

Significant blood loss impaired renal perfusion and caused post-renal damage