A nurse is preparing a presentation on the mechanisms of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) for a group of nursing students. Which statement best explains how ECT influences brain physiology to achieve its therapeutic effects?

ECT directly increases the oxygen utilization in brain cells, enhancing cognitive functions.

ECT induces generalized seizures that lead to neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity.

ECT causes permanent alterations in brain structure, leading to long-term mood stabilization.

ECT decreases the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, reducing stress hormone levels.