A nurse is reinforcing teaching to a group of newly licensed nurses about the pathophysiology of ulcerative colitis. Which of the following statements should the nurse include?

"Ulcerative colitis affects the entire gastrointestinal tract beginning in the rectum."

"The inflammation in ulcerative colitis is due to the underproduction of cytokines and T helper cells."

"In ulcerative colitis, chronic inflammation is caused by an excessive number of toll-like receptors in the colonic epithelial barrier."

"Ulcerative colitis is primarily caused by increased gut motility and visceral hypersensitivity."