A young girl with a history of asthma is brought to her family nurse practitioner (FNP). The child is wheezing and has prolonged expirations. The basic etiology of her signs and symptoms (S&S) includes:

use of accessory muscles for breathing.

bronchial-lining swelling that prevents ease of exhalation.

destruction of elastic recoil properties of the lungs.

difficulty with inhalation due to stiff alveoli that have filled with fluid.