A young girl with a history of asthma is brought to her family nurse practitioner. The child is wheezing and has prolonged expirations. The basic etiology of her signs and symptoms includes

difficulty with inhalation due to stiff alveoli that have filled with fluid.

destruction of elastic recoil properties of the lungs.

bronchial-lining swelling that prevents ease of exhalation.

use of accessory muscles for breathing.