The client's family is questioning the nurse about bipolar disorder. Which statements about the etiology of bipolar disorder do most psychoanalytical theories subscribe to? Select all that apply.

Acetylcholine seems to be implicated in mania.

Norepinephrine levels may be increased in mania.

The id takes over the ego and acts as an undisciplined hedonistic being (child).

Manic episodes are a "defense" against underlying depression.