The nurse is caring for a client with a head injury who is being treated for increased intracranial pressure (ICP). Which instruction should the nurse include in the client's care plan?

Encourage coughing and deep breathing every 2 hours

Instruct the client to avoid coughing, sneezing, or straining during bowel movements

Place the client in a flat position to promote cerebral blood flow

Encourage the client to perform Valsalva maneuvers to expand the lungs