The school nurse is teaching a group of clients about how tobacco smoke causes lung cancer. Which pathophysiological process supports the risk of cancer from smoking?

Vasoconstrictive properties of nicotine reduce oxygenation and stimulate metabolism.

Drug addiction changes the neurochemical messages in the brain causing cravings.

Carcinogenic agents in tobacco alter cellular cytology, morphology, and function of the lung.

Risk for comorbidities increase incidence of chronic diseases and decrease longevity.