Which of the following statements accurately distinguishes between active and passive transport?

Passive transport moves molecules randomly through the membrane regardless of concentration; active transport relies solely on diffusion.

Active transport and passive transport both require energy to move substances through the membrane.

Active transport moves molecules against their concentration gradient using ATP, while passive transport moves molecules down their gradient without using energy.

Active transport moves molecules with the concentration gradient and requires energy; passive transport moves molecules against the gradient without energy.